The Nuts and Bolts of Worship Planning

Presented at the 2001 Calvin Symposium on Worship 

SPIRITUAL PERSPECTIVES

PROVERB 1
Broad (lay) participation in worship planning and leading can be fabulous, provided there is provision for training, learning, growth, and a shared commitment to the deep meaning and purpose of Christian worship. Worship planning requires more than good intentions.

Goal: build learning into every process

Strategies

1. annual worship planners/leaders retreat
2. monthly worship committee discussions re article, book, video
3. weekly worship planning discussions re article, book, video
   (recommend James Torrance, Worship, Community, and the Triune God of Grace, InterVarsity, 1997; articles from Reformed Worship)
4. common presentations in adult and children's education (we learn when we need to teach)
5. attend a worship conference with your whole worship committee-as many are this week

PROVERB 2
Worship planners and leaders need more than skills and understanding of worship; they also need pastoral virtues.  

They are spiritual leaders, not just technicians. In the early church they would be office-bearers, when offices had more to do with worship leadership than attending meetings. We need to constantly call attention to this aspect of the job. Here is a list of virtues for the worship planners and leaders for starting a discussion in your church (have your committee work on editing and adding to this list, realizing that none of us has all these virtues). The goal here is to lift up these virtues and to aspire to embody them collectively.

• compassion for the congregation's needs, and concern about how those needs are addressed in worship
• discernment about who is gifted to lead worship, and in what way
• cooperativeness for working on a team of people who are involved in planning and leading worship
• knowledge of God's word, and which portions of God's word are especially important for a given congregation to hear (and when and why and how)
• wisdom to understand the psychological and theological issues that are involved when there is conflict about worship
• patience when the congregation is slow to participate fully in certain acts of worship
• imagination to generate ideas about which songs, scripts, prayers, and elements will engage a congregation with the power and meaning of a given scriptural theme
• discipline to avoid too much innovation. Planning worship is different from putting on an art fair or writing poetry. When we plan worship, we are planning something for a community's use. No community can sustain endless innovation. No community can truly pray with words that are entirely unfamiliar or are creative for their own sake.

PROVERB 3
Begin worship planning with prayer, scripture reading, and reflection on the needs of the congregation, and rich will be your spiritual rewards.

WEEKLY PLANNING

PROVERB 4
Worship planning should begin with a scripture text; therefore, worship planning begins with the preacher. But naming the text and theme are not enough. Neither is finding a hymn that refers to the text. Happy are they who involve all worship planners in textual study.

We need to ask questions like: What action will sermon inspire? What act of confession is appropriate to the theme? How will we pray differently in light of this theme?

PROVERB 5
Worship planning meetings are only as good as the individual preparation that precedes them. Prepared people can brainstorm! To prepare, you need a good set of resources available in non-circulating section of your church library. Once prepared, then brainstorm list of songs, visual aspects, etc., drawing a lot on your study of scripture.

• Congregational Songs and Hymns
• Scripture Texts
• Images and Colors
• Occasions for Prayer
• Participants
• Other Musical Contributions (choral, music team, vocal or instrumental solo, etc.)

Recommended Resources: Prayer Patterns, Visual Aspects
Book of Common Worship. Westminster/John Knox Press.
Book of Common Order. Church of Scotland.
New Handbook for the Christian Year. Abingdon.
H.O. Old, Leading in Prayer. Eerdmans.
C. Welton Gaddy. Symphony for the Senses.
So You've Been Asked to Series. CRC Publications. (4-5 of them)
A Child Shall Lead: Children in Worship. Choristers Guild. Includes prayers for children.
Elizabeth J. Sandell, Including Children in Worship: A Planning Guide for Congregations. Minneapolis:
     Augsburg, 1991.
Robert Webber, Planning Blended Worship: The Creative Mixture of Old and New.Nashville: Abingdon      Press, 1998.

Recommended Resources: Congregational Song
Sing! A New Creation. CRC Publications.
Renew! Accompaniment Edition. Hope Publishing.
Book of Praise. Presbyterian Church of Canada.
Presbyterian Hymnal. Westminster/John Knox Press.
Songs for Life. CRC Publications (children's hymnal).
Hymn Society Book Service (1-800-The-Hymn).

PROVERB 6
Worship planning-in ANY style!-requires a solid, balanced template or default pattern.  

Without it, congregations are subject to the whims of a single leader, to endless innovation, and to a likely imbalance of worship actions. Let spontaneity and improvisation arise out of form and discipline-just like in good jazz music. A good template: a) Features a balance of worship actions (praise, penitence, dedication, prayer, scripture, etc., b) features a pattern that alternates between God's words to us and our words to God (and helps us experience each for what it really is-not just as another nice song), and c) may exist in greater detail than appears in a printed bulletin.

PROVERB 7
In all aspects of worship, make sure there is a balance of familiar things and things that will stretch the congregation.  

An entire service of unfamiliar music will not enable the congregation to participate. An entire service of overly familiar or often-used examples can lead worship to become cliché. It's too easy then to have worshipers go on automatic pilot. Balance is the key!

PROVERB 8
Start and end strong.  

Every service will probably have some unfamiliar things in it. But those can be disconcerting if they are placed at the beginning or end of the service. A sturdy congregational song to start and end the service is the first step toward encouraging greater participation.

PROVERB 9
Leading prayer is a discipline that requires more than our own personal experience.  

Use externally generated prayers to help expand the range, imagery, and focus of the prayers you speak. Try, for example, designing a pastoral prayer as a paraphrase of Psalm 23. Use Book of Common Worship prayers as a template. These are valuable even if you pray extemporaneously.

PROVERB 10
The one who attends to transitions shall be blessed.

*Work on your spoken transitions. Worship leaders are the main guides that lead the congregation on their journey through the service. The words that lead from one part of the service to the next are key tools that help in this task. To be honest, many worship leaders don't spend much time at all considering the words they will use. Some refuse to because they react against anything too planned or canned. Some have simply never thought about doing it.  

But the words we speak have the power to inspire or frustrate. They can make a visitor feel welcome or unwelcome. They can lead the congregation to focus on the purpose of worship, or get everyone bogged down in mechanics. Many times, when we don't think about the words we say, we end up communicating some inaccurate, dangerous, or hurtful messages. The following are actual lines spoken by worship leaders.

• "Men and women sing the first line together. Men sing the second with the children. Women sing the first and the third. Then everyone finishes it up."
• "Well I guess that now we have to have the confession of sin."
• "Well, I didn't really prepare for this next part of the service."
• "We really haven't had time to rehearse this, but oh well."
• "Ok? Let's see what is next. Well, next we will say the creed."
• "Isn't this more fun than in a traditional worship service?"
• "Wasn't that song great? I'll bet they don't sing that way at the church across the street!"
• "Well, our secretary messed up again, and the song number in the bulletin for this part of the service is wrong."

Often, without intending it, worship leaders say something very different than what they mean. They are utterly confusing. They suggest that worship is routine. They mock another church. They signal that worship is not all that important. They blame someone else for a mistake. None of these comments focuses on the meaning or purpose of what is happening. They are barriers rather than enablers of worship.  

To avoid transitions like these, ask the following questions: Are my instructions about the mechanics as concise and clear as possible? Does the transition link two acts of worship, showing how they are related? Does the transition avoid being pedantic or preachy? Is the tone of the transition warm and inviting or cold and inhospitable? Are there especially poignant lines in a song or hymn that you could highlight in your introduction?

Consider these examples:

• "Some of us gather for worship this morning with great joy. Some of us gather with tears. Our opening song is based on a Psalm that expresses both joy and honest pain."
• "Next, we state precisely what we believe, using the words of the Apostles' Creed. These words are printed in your worship folder. If you are visiting with us today, we would be happy to explain the joy we have because of these statements. Simply ask one of the greeters at the door at the end of the service."
• "The sermon ended with a call to confession. Our song of response enables us to just that."

Consider writing out your transitions ahead of time-even if you don't refer to your notes in the service. Even if you speak extemporaneously, you'll do better if you've worked out a written version ahead of time. Then after the service, go back and listen to a recording of what you said. Work together with other worship leaders in your congregation to think about ways to improve the hospitality in your spoken transitions.

CONSIDERING THE BIG PICTURE

PROVERB 11
Music gets too much attention in most congregations (ouch-painful for a musician to admit).
We need to attend more to how scripture is read, how thoughtfully we prepare for prayer, how hospitably we celebrate the sacraments. Put music in its place-a significant, but not all-encompassing place.

PROVERB 12
Music is soul food. God's people need a balanced diet. Spiritually speaking, we are what we sing. Most congregations really know only 200 songs or hymns. Be fussy about what makes it into your diet.

Song Diet Evaluation Sheet

• Suppose there are 20,000 songs available. You are then identifying the top 1% of extant resources. We have the luxury of being very, very picky.
• Suppose that 3/4 of all congregation songs/hymns/canticles sung should be from your list of 200. That is, most of what you do can be familiar, but some will be new and challenging.
• Suppose that no more than 10 of these 200 might change in a given year, and that at least 5 should change. Our core repertoire should constantly grow, but not too fast.
• Make sure that there are at least a dozen songs on the list that could be sung at a funeral, or at a time of congregational crisis.

PROVERB 13
Promote overall congregational health with good models for organizing people and communication. Don't neglect tasks of supervision and evaluation-which should primarily function to encourage and support the weekly planners and leaders.

PROVERB 14
Worship planners are stewards of gifts given to members of the congregation.

Generate lists of spiritually gifted leaders. Chart their involvement. Look for people, especially young people, who could be encouraged to develop those gifts.

People/Gifts Inventory (sample)

PROVERB 15
Worship requires thoughtful spiritually-informed evaluation-not surveys of popular opinions and tastes.

Questions for Council, Worship Committee Discussions
Note focus not on mechanics of worship, but on larger issues. These larger issues will generate discussions of mechanics and techniques, but then they will be tied to a larger purpose.

• Which services, acts of worship have been particularly spiritually nourishing?
• How have we done in really living into scripture in recent services?
• How have we done in praying-honestly, redemptively, expansively?
• How have we done in extending hospitality in our worship?

THE LAST PROVERB
The nuts and bolts are a means to an end, not an end in themselves.  

Hone the ability to work hard, and then to set aside worry, to engage in worship, to enjoy and glorify God:

"We have stuck to founding, building singing, ringing, to vestments, incense burning, and to all the additional preparations for divine worship up to the point that we consider this preparation the real, main divine worship and do not know how to speak of any other. And we are acting as wisely as the man who wants to build a house and spends all his goods on the scaffolding and never, as long as he lives, gets far enough along to lay one stone of his house."
-Martin Luther (E. Plass, What Luther Says, Concordia, 1959, vol. 1, p. 302).

"We have stuck to Powerpoint, sound systems, children's messages, drama skits, and seekerfriendliness up to the point that we consider this all the real divine worship, and we do not know how to speak of any other. We are acting as wisely as the one who wants to surf the internet, but spends all available resources on a big monitor, and so has none left over for internet service, and thus never has the chance to actually get online."

Symposium participant, January 2001